Reforestation Is Usually To Regenerate Forests Environmental Sciences Essay

If looked at from a long term point of position, re-afforestation is economically good. One of the most obvious benefits is the supply of timber and wood merchandises in the universe. Almost everyone uses wood in some manner every twenty-four hours, and selling lumber creates a great trade of income. Secondary economic benefits from re-afforestation include occupation creative activity in forest direction and increased belongings revenue enhancements on reforested land. Trees, when they decompose, enrich and add foods to the dirt. This increases dirt birthrate and helps hard currency harvests grow, which is a immense benefit for states that rely on their primary sector.AgainstIf looked at from a short term position, re-afforestation is really expensive and would be difficult to transport out in poorer states, where there is barely any money to carry through basic demands, allow entirely excess money to blow on strategies like re-afforestation. There is less land available for agricul tural growing and human activities.Environmental FactorForTrees provide a natural home ground for other life signifiers, as a place and a nutrient beginning. By the procedure of photosynthesis, trees capture and store C dioxide from the ambiance, assisting to cut down measures of this nursery gas and extenuating the effects of clime alteration. Furthermore, by commanding the flow of surface H2O and cut downing the overflow of dirt, trees can besides assist extenuate the effects of utmost conditions events. This reduces the happening of inundations and mudslides, peculiarly in countries susceptible to catastrophes. Trees can besides cut down the hazard of drouths by retaining H2O in the local environment and chilling local temperatures by shadowing the dirt.AgainstPlanting more trees means there will be less land for human activities. Planting unreal trees may intend a drastic alteration of home grounds for specific sets of animate beings and workss. It takes a really long clip for t he trees to turn and bring forth something utile.Positive ImpactsReforestation is the reestablishment or enlargement of a wood which was antecedently destroyed or degraded. The primary end of re-afforestation is normally to renew woods, with the purpose of reconstructing the environmental and economic benefits they provide, but re-afforestation activities can besides supply a wealth of societal benefits every bit good. Woodland provides ecosystems for wildlife, resources for worlds and even modifies the clime. Replanting trees can assist cut down eroding and alimentary depletion, maintaining countries where rain forests grow fertile and cut downing the likeliness of inundations. Reforestation undertakings may besides guarantee the preservation of home grounds for animate beings and workss. Some types of zoology may be utile for nutrient, to better medical scientific discipline or have other possible advantages for society across the Earth. Benefits of re-afforestation undertakings f or those life in deforested countries include increasing the handiness of clean imbibing H2O, nutrient, fuel and building stuffs, every bit good as offering employment, harmonizing to Eden Reforestation Projects.Negative Impacts- Reforestation undertakings can be expensive, and a batch of work, clip and money would be needed if the universe were to works adequate trees to successfully battle their depletion. Eden Reforestation Projects high spots figures from the World Bank released in 2002, which stated that 15 million hectares of forest demands to be planted every twelvemonth at a cost of 20 cents per tree or more after rising prices. It is really clip devouring. Planting trees and waiting for them to really turn may take old ages together. Reforestation policies may be difficult to implement in some countries of the universe. Reforestation as a Solution- Through photosynthesis, trees remove CO2 from the ambiance, therefore re-afforestation can play an of import function in countervailing C emanations. The United Nations ‘ IPCC estimations re-afforestation could take the C equivalent to about 10 per centum to 20 per centum of projected dodo fuel emanations by 2050. Reforestation is the restocking of bing woods and forests which have been depleted, with native tree stock. The term re-afforestation is like afforestation, the procedure of reconstructing and animating countries of forests or forest that one time existed but were deforested or otherwise removed or destroyed at some point in the yesteryear. The ensuing forest can supply both ecosystem and resource benefits and has the possible to go a major C sink. The construct of woods as C sinks has drawn attending about re-afforestation as a possible tool in the battle against planetary clime alteration. Because trees draw CO2 from the ambiance in the procedure of photosynthesis, they can potentially take this extra nursery gas from the ambiance and assist battle planetary heating.ProblemsThe chief consequence is an increasing planetary mean temperature. This causes a assortment of secondary effects, viz. , alterations in forms of precipitation, lifting sea degrees, altered forms of agribusiness, increased utmost conditions events, the enlargement of the scope of tropical diseases, the gap of new trade paths. As northern states warm, disease transporting insects migrate North, conveying pestilence and disease with them. Indeed some scientists believe that in some states, thanks to planetary heating, malaria had non been to the full eradicated. Global heating is already beef uping heat moving ridges. About every portion of the Causes Carbon overload is a consequence of human activities. When worlds burn fossil fuels, C dioxide is released into the ambiance, where it traps heat. One of the first things scientists learned is that there are several nursery gases responsible for warming, and worlds emit them in a assortment of ways. Most come from the burning of fossil fuels in mills and electricity production. The gas responsible for the most warming is carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) . Other subscribers include methane released from landfills and agribusiness, azotic oxide from fertilisers, gases used for industrial procedures, and the loss of woods that would otherwise shop CO2. The atmospheric concentrations of these nursery gases have significantly increased since the beginning of the industrial revolution. This is chiefly due to human activities, such as the combustion of fossil fuels, land usage alteration, and agribusiness. For case, the atmospheric concentration of C dioxide has been turning faster in the last 10 old ages than it has been since the beginning of uninterrupted measurings around 1960.United States will hold significantly more of 100o late this century. The H2O will go warmer and there will be more hurricanes. The polar ice caps are runing at a high rate. The lifting sea degrees will do more inundations. The trees will dry up and cause wildfires. Desertification will take topographic point. There will be increased volcanic activity. Speciess of alien animate beings will acquire wiped out. All our nutrient and H2O supplies will be diminished.

The Avro Arrow - There Never Was essays

The Avro Arrow - There Never Was essays It was supposed to be the biggest, fastest, and most powerful plane that the world, and especially Canada, had ever laid its eyes upon. It was in a class of its own, at least twenty years ahead of any other country technology-wise. It was to be the most technologically advanced supersonic jet fighter in the world, a combination of sheer brain and willpower of 14 000 world-class engineers and technicians. And yet, the Avro Arrow, which gave Canadians a sense of pride bigger than itself, was never meant to be. Formally named the CF-105, the Avro Arrow was a dream denied. The Arrow was built by A.V. Roe Canada to counterattack the air superiority of the Soviet bombers that would presumably carry nuclear warheads over North America. Ironically enough, the day it was unveiled, the public had its eye fixed on the launch of the first Sputnik, a product that would jumpstart the Soviet Unions space race. However, the Arrow didnt stay unnoticed for very long. It was soon the talk of th e town in various parts of the world. Unfortunately, the Avro Arrow didnt last very long. On February 20, 1959, John Diefenbaker, then the Prime Minister of Canada, stood up in the House of Commons and stated, The government of Canada has carefully examined and re-examined the probable need for the Arrow aircraft... The conclusion arrived at is that the development of the aircraft...should be terminated now (Campagna, Palmiro pg.54). This announcement came as a shock to everyone, and suddenly 14 000 very highly qualified engineers were left on the streets. The British, the French and the Americans wasted no time in grabbing these individuals, who later became instrumental in helping the Americans putting a man on the moon, as well as the development of the Anglo-French Concorde. Also, the Diefenbaker government immediately ordered the scrapping of the six existing aircraft and the 34 still in the production stage. Also, all rec...

Silver-Spotted Skipper (Epargyreus clarus)

Silver-Spotted Skipper (Epargyreus clarus) The silver-spotted skipper, Epargyreus clarus, frequents roadsides, fields, and backyard gardens throughout North America. Skippers dash quickly from flower to flower, as if they are skipping around the meadow. What Do Silver-Spotted Skippers Look Like? Chances are youve seen a silver-spotted skipper. With their brown wings and quick movement, they might not be the first butterflies youd stop to observe. Take a closer look, and youll notice bands of orange on the forewings, and a silvery patch in the center of the hindwings. The silver-spotted skipper is the largest skipper in North America, with a wingspan of 1 3/4 - 2 5/8 inches. Silver-spotted skippers have enormous eyes that appear to bulge out from the head. Epargyreus clarus also has short antennae with clubbed ends. The odd-looking caterpillar has an enlarged head capsule and a pronounced neck collar. With a deep rust or black head and two bright red eyespots in the front, the caterpillar appears quite like a cartoon alien from outer space. The larvas body is yellow-green, with thin dark lines running across its width. By some accounts, the silver-spotted skipper lays her eggs on plants near the host plant, but not on the actual host. This requires the newly hatched larva to crawl and locate its food source. Most experts seem to dispute this theory, and argue the butterfly lays directly on the host plant. How Are Silver-Spotted Skippers Classified? Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - LepidopteraFamily - HesperiidaeGenus - EpargyreusSpecies - Epagyreus clarus What Do Silver-Spotted Skippers Eat? Larvae feed on legumes, especially woody legumes. Black locust is the favorite host plant. Other host plants include honey locust, false indigo, bush clover, and tick-trefoils. Adult silver-spotted skippers nectar on many flowers, but show a clear preference for blue, red, pink, or purple varieties. They rarely visit yellow flowers. The Silver-Spotted SkippersLife Cycle Like all butterflies, the silver-spotted skipper undergoes four stages during its life cycle, a complete metamorphosis. The generations per year vary by region, with southern populations having the most broods. Egg - Green, dome-shaped eggs are laid singly on upper side of leaves.Larva - The caterpillar has a large brown head, with red eyespots at the front. The body is a yellow-green color.Pupa - These skippers overwinter in the chrysalis, hidden in rolled leaf litter.Adult - Adults emerge in spring. Males perch on tall weeds or branches, watching for females. They also patrol for potential mates. Special Adaptations and Defenses ofSilver-Spotted Skippers At night, or when the daytime weather prohibits flight, silver-spotted skippers hang upside down under leaves. Caterpillars build themselves tiny shelters using carefully cut pieces of leaves. As they grow, they abandon their old homes and build larger ones by joining leaves with silk. Where DoSilver-Spotted Skippers Live? Open parks, fields, gardens, and meadows, and where larval food plants are available. In North America, the silver-spotted skipper is common from Mexico to southern Canada, with the exception of the Great Basin region and western Texas. Worldwide reports include sightings in parts of Europe, Asia, and Australia. Sources: Silver-spotted Skipper, Butterflies and Moths of North AmericaSilver-spotted Skipper, Massachusetts Audubon - Butterfly Atlas

Different Aspects of Ecotourism Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Different Aspects of Ecotourism - Case Study Example Different languages are spoken. Municipalities also register an inevitable growth and they have to provide transportable roads lighting the roads, similarly and should be committed to provide amenities of international standard to ecotourism and also for its sustenance. Ecotourism is no more permitted, limited to a particular part of the world. It is exchanged in order to serve the public with the latest technology. The globe is no bigger. Ecotourism represents a single economy. Because of ecotourism there is conspicuous change with the social life industries. One shall meat and come across different rest of different nationals represent at one place. Different sets of different nationals represent diversified cultures, different languages are spoken at one and the same place, and at one and the same time. They come to know each other from a closer proximity. The intimacies develop; relationships pave way for greater understanding. The social pavilion of life is set to rolling. Broader outlook develop into more knowledgeable and understanding environment. There will be a great impact on the urban sociology patterns of life. The world becomes a small place respectively inevitable economical growth, a pleasant knowledge based environment. The world is no bigger, thoughts of seeing the world; the globe on a huge unknown has become so small so much can be felt immensely. T third world, joyous frivolous, sensible, knowledgeable, cultured by urban socialites will cherish. The development may fold big colonies. A lot of big industries and big companies will enter into the market to cater to the needs of the conglomeration. The development shall develop many folds. The economy of the country, government organizations and private sectors will make a rudimental change. Mainly the cities will develop into a small globe with multi faced development in industries and corporate. May be the chief architect of the ecotourism to take enormous pairs to create and design the super structure of the third world. Globalization has its own effects on every aspects of technology. Ecotourism has changed the way urban socialist use to link and express their thoughts. Of course wealth is also acting as a catalyst for the change in the thinking and living of the urban individuals. The new meaning of sociology is slowly changing, to be more precise it is altering the essence of socialist thinking. Considering ecotourism as a development, every development will have its own pros and cons. It has both positive and negative and results on all aspects of human life. The same citizens who use to think and analyze in a modest manner has changed their way of analysis and started comparing with the good and bad. The socialist thinking, which was confined to the small regions on earth, has now crossed the boundaries and reaching out to the world and sharing views they're by bringing like-minded people to think and work with unity. This development is mostly used negatively. For example tourism, this is an ideal example for the developmenet of the globalization. In the developed countries the pollution levels being very less and also due to maintaining the green belt the need for more greener pastures is very less demand and hence eco tourism and its sustenance is not of very high important to the people visiting the places

Hopes and fears for the college Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hopes and fears for the college - Essay Example II. The main purpose of students of going to school is for them to succeed in life and they enter the walls of colleges with the hope that they will be able to step up the ladder of success. a. The first point to be discussed is the hope of building a good foundation, especially regarding school grades. Transition sentence: Gaining good grades is essential because it establishes how professors might perceive students and eventually treat them accordingly. b. Secondly, we will explore the hope of having good experiences with professors. Transition sentence: Ultimately, class performances and relationship with professors will determine how well one socializes not only with classmates but also with schoolmates and other people outside the campus. c. Thirdly, the hope of making good friends will be discussed. Transition sentence: it would be interesting to note what could be the opposite of these positive and encouraging characteristics in students. III. Contrary to the positive outlook about college life mentioned earlier, there are also fears that one must face. a. Students fear failures. Transition sentence: Students fears can go beyond their performances and see people around them as threats, too. b. Students fear they will have strict professors who will make their lives miserable. Transition sentence: It is important to consider how professors relate with students because somehow, this will affect how they will be on their way out of the classroom. c. Students fear that they will not get along well with other people in a whole new world that they are entering. Transition sentence: These develop the many faces of students which eventually define them and their responses to the challenges of college life. IV. Conclusion: Hopes are wonderful and necessary but equally important is the presence of fear which, initially may be seen as negative, when balanced with the hopes a person has, there comes a union which propels college students to reach their dreams. Colle ge education is very important nowadays and so it has become the dream of almost every hopeful individual. Many people believe in the anti-apartheid revolutionary, Nelson Mandela who said that â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon you can use to change the world†. Only a few may become famous in the challenge to change the world on a large scale however, transforming a life can be assured through education and one reformed life is less one miserable life in this world that ultimately changes the world. As such, many hope and dream to go to college and get a better life. Pursuing college education brings about hopes of young people that their dreams will come true however this is also coupled by the fears of what is beyond their imaginations and expectation. This writing will explore the common hopes and fears of college students and where these could possibly lead them in their endeavor. As one enjoys reading, it is the hope of this writer that readers will be illuminat ed about the optimism and terror that college students face. The main purpose of students going to school is for them to succeed in life and they enter the walls of colleges with the hope that they will be able to step up the ladder of success. Firstly, students hope to get good grades because this surely will help them build a good foundation for

Starving For The Gold-Coursework Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Starving For The Gold- - Coursework Example to educate people to the problems women athletes face in hopes that with more people being more knowledgeable on the topic, hopefully changes can be made. The basic cause of the problem, as Robinson states it, is that the coaches of female athletes pressure them to be as thin as possible. For instance, Robinson mentions how one female athlete she talked to said that her coach â€Å"held contests to see who could leave the most food uneaten on her plate at training camp† (yr). This obviously is going to have a negative effect on female athletes, especially when considering that females are pressured into being as thin as possible in society as it is. Another practice mentioned is that female athletes will have their body fat calculated and then compared with the other athletes; the idea is to encourage all of the female athletes to be as skinny as possible. Another female athlete, speaking from her experience with athletic amenorrhea, which is the cessation of the menstrual cycle due to extremely low body-fat composition, stated that â€Å"Pressure was always felt to be lean, and considerable emphasis was placed on being beneat h 12 percent body fat composition. It seemed that the primary goal was to maintain a low-body fat composition† (yr). Overall, as opposed to training female athletes to be fit, they are being trained to be as skinny as possible. This encouraging to be overly thin is giving these athletes eating disorders, but this is not the main motivation behind these practices as Robinson states. The main reason that these sort of practices can be gotten away with is because there is a perceived male-domination in sports. When one views the kind of changes that the coaches are encouraging their female athletes to make, Robinson states that it is not difficult to see that they are trying to make their female athletes resemble their male athletes. This practice Robinson traces back to the 70’s, and in particular the athlete Olga Korbet, as the

Reflective Report On Experiences Working As A Midwife

Reflective Report On Experiences Working As A Midwife While I was on my first placement in semester one as a student midwife, I met many pregnant women, both within the community and in the hospital with different cultural backgrounds. For this essay which is a reflective essay, I have chosen to write about a pregnant lady and, in order to protect her confidentiality, according to the Nursing and Midwiferys Code of Conduct (NMC 2008), I will refer to her as Zara. In this reflection, I am going to use Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle. This encourages a clear description of the situation, analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, and analysis to make sense of the experience and an action plan to examine what to be done if the situation arose again. Description of the event: My placement at the time was on the midwifery led unit in the hospital of my Trust, and on the day in question, I was on an early shift and, when I arrived, my mentor and I went in to Zaras room and introduced ourselves. Zara was in pain and her husband was also present in the room. My mentor tried to placate her down by talking to her but, because Zara did not understand English, she looked more worried and was looking at her husband to explain it to her. Her husband did not understand much either so my mentor suggested a translator but they refused it. We took her notes away, went in to the office and read through them so that we could plan her care according to her needs. Zara was in her early thirties and unemployed. This was her twelfth pregnancy, she has had six miscarriages, two stillbirths and three live children. All of her births were done by caesarean section including this one .This was because Zara was unable to give birth naturally due to her being a victim of female ge nital mutilation (FGM). They were also requesting female only care providers and doctors due to them being Muslims. Zara had also not attended many of her antenatal appointments because according to Currer (1991) antenatal care among Muslim mothers was not seeing important they view pregnancy as a normal condition. Prior taking Zara into the theatre to have her caesarean, my mentor explained the procedure to the husband and he translated to the wife. They signed all the relevant papers but Zara looked worried. I could tell they did not understand everything but to my surprise, they did not ask any questions, but they did not want a translator. After a while the anaesthetist came to give Zara the epidural, and it was a male. As soon as Zaras husband saw that, he placed his hand on Zaras shoulder and did not want it to let go. The staff was becoming very annoyed and frustrated because they kept telling him do not put your hand there, the procedure of the epidural has to be 100% sterile but he did not understand that. I stepped in because I still remembered when I had to learn English and I knew the word choice was difficult for them and it has to be relevant to their knowledge of English. I said to Zaras husband no hand, bacteria, no good for Zara and I was also demonstrated it with my hands and face. He understood and said ok but I could still see that he was not comfortable. Finally the anaesthetist got the epidural in and we took Zara to theatre to deliver her baby along with her husband. When arriving to theatre, I tried to catheterise Zara but could not do it due to her genital area being completely sawn up, so the doctor had to intervene. Zaras husband was standing by her legs and the staff tried to move him to top of the bed but said that he wanted to see what we were doing to Zara and that he was going to stay there. After a long discussion and explanations, he finally moved. Zara and baby were being monitored and by this time the babys heart was not picking up and we had to act fast. The doctor then cut Zaras abdominal to deliver the baby but meconium was gushing out instead. I run to call the paediatrician. The baby was floppy and there were no sign of life. Zara was asking why the baby was not crying and the husband looked very worried. Reassured them and explain ed that, when babies are born in meconium, they will need extra care and attention. The baby was now on the resuscitaire and the doctors was doing all they could to take out the meconium from the babys mouth and nose, and rubbing the baby to promote. After a little while, the baby started to cry and we all let a relieved breath out. I took the baby and showed it to the parents and explained that the baby had to go to special care unit to ensure that everything was fine. Zara was doing well, and after a couple hours we transferred her and her husband to the postnatal ward. Feelings: In this paragraph, I will discuss my feelings and thinking surrounding Zaras situation and the care she received from the medical staff. I empathized with Zara and her husband because they could not speak English, Zara endured many pregnancies and which of some had ended up in miscarriages and stillbirths and was naturally worried about the wellbeing of this baby. Because of Zaras and her husbands limited English and their cultural background, caring for them was more difficult and the medical staff was getting very impatient and irritated with them. I knew I could help both the staff and Zara and her husband. I tried to build up a good relationship with them by doing a proper introduction of myself, where I was from and to try to put them at ease. I still remember how difficult it was being in a new country with different cultures. My first attempt was to ask if necessary, whether it will be acceptable if the doctor were male and I explained the procedure in a way they could underst and, I was acting as an intermediary between them and the medical staff throughout. I did not speak their language but because I was explaining as simply as possible, they became very comfortable with me and trusted me. I really felt useful and helpful as they responded to me as I put myself in their shoes and remembered how it was when I was new in this country. According to Wold (2004) the empathetic listening is in relation to the willingness to know the other individual not just judging the persons statement. I then stood by Zaras bed and when needed, I used some facial expressions and hand gestures which could be translated to if she were still feeling pain in her tummy and if felt sensation in her legs. I was also using simple words. She looked at me and smiled and point where she could still feel. I was unsure whether to continue or not because I felt the medical staff might think I was not being professional, but according to Funnell et al, (2005) body gestures and facial ex pressions are referred as a non-verbal communicating. So I continued because I knew that would help Zaras family. The language and cultural barrier affected the care Zara was receiving because the staff was not communicating with them and did not appreciate that good explanation were essential for this family with their particular circumstances of limited English and understanding. During the procedure, I stayed by Zara and kept my eye contact with her because according to Wilma (1999) direct eye contact could express a sense of interest in the other person. Zara was holding my hands and I was updating her whenever she was asking for it. Evaluation: I feel I made the right decision to accompany Zara. Furthermore, I could develop my caring role for clients by understanding that they all will have different needs and will require different care. I think my approach with Zara and her husband was a good approach. The staff and Zara did benefit from my effort. It was also my responsibility to care for her so that she was getting the best care and understood what was done to her. I was able to improve my non-verbal communication skills in my conversation with Zara and her husband during my time with them and I know they were now getting the necessary information that they wanted and needed in this challenging situation. According to OHagan (2001) issues such as cultural diversity, cultural sensitivity and cultural competence had no place in the training of care professionals. To enable this vision to be implemented, it is significant that health care professionals have the adequate educational preparation to provide culturally sensitive care to those who have a diversity of health beliefs and practices (Aziz et al. 2000). Promoting cultural awareness among health care professionals is believed to improve their confidence and skills in providing holistic care for patients with different cultural backgrounds Also, culturally sensitive attitudes and practices, rather than simple knowledge, are likely to contribute much toward achieving the ultimate goal of providing quality care to the patients and their families. (Murphy Clark, 1993, cited Zafir 2002). There are many implications that should be well thought-out when caring for Muslim patients. All procedures, decisions and judgments must to be family orientated and culturally derived. Religious and cultural frameworks give the most complete and holistic perspective for caring and understanding the patient population of Muslim denomination. Practices need to take into account the care constructs of presence, participation and support. In addition, the policies and philosophies of the hospitals and other institutions needs to reflect the cultural practices related the specific care, communication and spirituality. Also, where language is a problem, it is important to have access to interpreters in order to provide culturally competent care for Muslims. Secondly, there are differences in the cultural and psychosocial forms of expression of the Muslim patients and their families and those of the caress. The process of reflection and clinical supervision could assist care givers in identifying their own cultural barriers, stereotyping, and ethnocentricity, thus, ultimately impr oving care. Finally, the management should continually assess whether the staff have the appropriate knowledge and skills to handle the particular ethical situations involved in caring for the patient and his/her family of Muslim denomination and, with the aim of reducing emotional labour, provide a mechanism, which would assist the staff in becoming more competent. Halligan (2005) Zara was also a victim of FGM which is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO 2006) as procedures that involve partial or total removal of the female external genitalia and or injury to the female genital organs for cultural or any other non-therapeutic reasons. Zara had Type IV which includes pricking, incising or piercing of the external genitalia, stretching of the clitoris and or labia, cauterization by burning of the clitoris and surrounding tissue or any other procedure that is performed to cause vaginal narrowing or tightening, and this was why she could not give birth naturally. According to the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE 2008) guidelines suggest that women who have experienced FGM should be identified early in the antenatal period through sensitive enquiry. I read through Zaras note but it was not recorded that she was a victim of FGM and the special care that she needed was not given. Analysis: My communication skills were very important when I was providing care for Zara. I noticed that my non-verbal communication skills helped enormously while caring for Zara. She could understand a few words when I was asking her questions but the lack of language hindered good communication. As the patient was not using her first or second language, I tried to communicate in a way she could understand. I still could manage to communicate in a way the other staff members could not because they had not the knowledge how to communicate with someone that does not speak English. White (2005) recommended that a care provider should learn a few words or phrases in the predominant second language to put a patient at ease for better understanding. Although, it was quite difficult to demonstrate certain things, Zara managed to understand and she was answering me by nodding her head when she was understood and also by her body gestures and her eye movement. Zaras husband was also asking me questio ns that I had to make the staff aware of According to Zafir et al (2000), Muslim patients should have a healthcare provider of the same sex. Exposure of the patients body parts should be limited to the minimum necessary, and permission should be asked before gently uncovering any part of the body. Even more care should be taken when exposing private parts, and attempts should be made to avoid such exposures unless absolutely nec ­essary. Zaras husband did ask for a female doctor but his request was declined because the ward was very busy and it was not possible. I think if this had been included her birth plan, it would have been arranged for them Zara and her husband may have felt discriminated .If communication is a problem for one or both parties in an exchange, they will have an interest in improving it In Zaras case, the lack of time, did not permitted this. Discrimination is usually due to miscommunication however this should be lower in hospitals especially when the relationship between the medical staff and patien ts has been sustained for a longer period. Furthermore, the gap will be even more difficult to bridge since learning and communication are can be more costly for the hospital such as when providing a translator. Balsa et al (2003) Conclusion: Writing this reflection has made me aware of my approach to car for clients who have language difficulties and have a different cultural background. Zara needed a lot of support and personalised care. It was vital to deliver this baby in a good condition due to her previous stillbirths and also, it was important to recognise that Zara and her husband came form a different culture and their values and belief were different to us. The beliefs and practices of Islamic patients may have an effect on the patients health care in ways that are not apparent to many health-care professionals and policy makers internationally. Intercultural misconceptions and misunderstandings of many healthcare professionals have potential consequences. Therefore, health-care professionals need to be better equipped to meet the needs of their patients and Interpreter should always be available when knowing the patient does not understand. Halligan (2005). Action Plan: My plan for my future role as a midwife, if I ever come across a client like Zara who was not speaking English, had dramatic birth experience and had different cultural background, I would know how to deal with it. I would prepare my self better, I would try to learn some word in her language and doing some reading regarding her culture and write down her expectations. I know that communication is a very important part to build up a good relationship. According to Payne (2007) communication and information provision play key roles in determining whether people engage in recommended health behaviors and whether the behaviors have a positive outcome. Health communicators may want to achieve any of a number of goals, including providing information, instruction or reassurance, influencing opinions and attitudes, and changing behavior. So an excellent communication is necessary in order to identify the patients wellbeing. I should not pre-judge my client by first assumption and impressio ns but I have to make her feel appreciated as an individual. I have also learned the importance of listening because when I was listening to Zara, I was watching her gestures as the same time, even though I did not understand when she was talking, I could read her gestures. I should also able to respect their basic principles, beliefs, culture and individual means of communication. In conclusion: I have used Gibbs (1998) Reflective Cycle as my support for this essay and I was able to discuss every stage in the Gibbs (1998) Reflective Cycle. REFRENCES: Ana I. Balsa a, Thomas G. McGuireb. (2003). Prejudice, clinical uncertainty and stereotyping. Journal of Health Economics. 22, 89-116. Aziz S. Abdul R. G. (2000). Caring for Muslim Patients. Radcliffe Medical Press Limited, Oxford. Currer, C (1991). Understanding the mothers viewpoint. Buckingham, Open University Press. Funnel, R Koutoukidis, G and Lawrence, K (2005) Tabbners Nursing Care 4E: Theory Practice, Australia: Churchill Livingstone. Gibbs G. (1988). Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods. Oxford Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic. Halligan, Phil, (July 2005) Caring for patients of Islamic denomination School of Nursing Midwifery and Health Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE, August, 2008) FGM, F Nursing Midwifery Council (2008) the Code: Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwives OHagan, Kieran. (2001). Cultural competence in the caring professions. 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