Increasing Awareness of Child Abuse :: Violence Against Children

In recent years, child abuse has pay off, for the first time, an issue beseeming of much attention. Child abuse happens everywhere it is deeply embedded and practiced in many various cultures and geographical locations. Everyone has his or her own opinion on the significance of child abuse. To some, abuse merely is a topic that people have constrain obsessed with. Many people believe that abuse is entirely an extreme word for good discipline. These people are blind to the seriousness of child abuse. There are several very negative effects that further from child abuse. These effects are anything but healthy in reference to the start outment of a child abused in any way.Many parents, in every culture, use child abuse as a method of conditioning their children to behave well. They use severe negative reinforcement too penalise their children. These parents only see the immediate effects of child abuse. Naturally, if a child is beaten for doing something wrong, they pull up stak es learn not to do it again. However, abused children tend to develop many problems later in life.In some cases, abused children result avoid growing close to people. They feel more comfortable trying to blot out all of their pain and suffering. An approach like this to building relationships can lead to a lack of the true sense of intimacy and trust. A child will isolate themselves from others and experience severe loneliness. Abused children are more likely to bully other children around, isolating themselves from their peers (Judith 117). They sometimes fall into the pattern of befriending people who will only betray and cause them more pain.Abuse to a child can be a source of very painful experiences. Children often call these experiences in the wrong way. Sometimes, these children try to ignore these painful feelings, which makes it difficult to learn how to cope with them. This behavior may lead to confusion and high stress. Children often become lost in the wavering maze of feeling little or no emotion, then switching to being overwhelmed with emotion and not knowing how to wait their feelings. These children may become psychologically unhealthy due to their emotionally instability (www.childabuse.com). Someone that was abused as a child is more likely to become an abusive parent than someone who was not (Judith 221). In this way, abuse can carry on from generation from generation. These families have unhealthy relationships. Family members frequently lack the love, caring, and experience that everyone needs.

SOCIETY VS INDIVIDUAL: REPRESSION ON DIONYSIAN PERSONALITY IN THE STRANGER :: essays research papers fc

Many books have been written by many authors that deal with a shinny between society and individual. Albert Camus The Stranger (Ltranger) deals with this same topic, but it asshole be analyzed from a unique and very interesting point of view. The way of purport of people can be analyzed by classifying them into two main forces that oppose each other. These forces were named after the Greek gods Apollo and Dionysus.Theses terms were first used by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. The main concept of the Apollonian spirit is that these persons main mode of functioning is by reason, whereas the Dionysian constitution functions by intuition. In Camus The Stranger, Mersaults personality can be seen as Dionysian (reasons will be discussed later), but his main attitude towards society is quite Apollonian. This leads to the statement that the Dionysian personality of Mersault is restrained by society, making him seem or behave in an Apollonian style.The term Apollonian was fi rst used by Nietzsche to represent principle of order, logic, clarity, moderation, and control in human personality and society. He applied the word Dionysian to represent spontaneity, passion, intuition, an excess in human personality, and rebellion against society. The Apollonian self is what makes people be organized, be on places on time, follow the rules, etc. An Apollonian person often wants solitude and quiet moments to think. more or less of these persons often loose temper when they encounter their clashing personality, the Dionysian personality. The Dionysian personality always wants to have fun, live the moment, resist authority and act on hunches. A Dionysian person usually has a tendency to resist authority, tack to quick conclusions (whilst the Apollonian tends to think a lot before jumping to conclusions or making decisions) and indulge, or overindulge, him/herself. While the Apollonian person likes to have quiet time to think, a Dionysian person likes to daydream. The Dionysian personality basically revolves around the senses and what is natural and beyond reason.In The Stranger, Mersaults personality can be difficult to analyze. Some people say that his personality is strongly Apollonian some say that he is a balance of both personalities, and others say that he is Dionysian. Mersault, as society sees him, he is an individual with antisocial traits, a person who rarely speaks and does not show many emotions. All these traits can be related to the Apollonian style. But we can in like manner see that he enjoys laughing, going to the beach, basic human needs like eating, drinking and having sex and he resists or rebels against society.

The Hebrew Scriptures Essay -- essays research papers

The Hebrew ScripturesTruth, scripture and revelation are three concepts that the Bible has been based on. Truth is defined as the way that things are or should be. It after part relate to reality or wisdom. Truth can be communicated in a variety of ways. Literally which is facts and figures and can be shown in maths and science. Figuratively which is metaphor and simile and can be shown in humanity. Symbolically in fine arts such as art, drama and music and in any case narratively such as stories, parables and myths. Truth can be known in the head and the heart because it communicates through reason and intuition. Meanwhile, scripture is defined as organism written and taken from script. Scripture is a way for religion to permanently preserve its worth of wisdom, ways of worship and to pass traditions on intact for early generations. Finally, revelation means to reveal. It refers to the initiative of God in communicating with humans. Truth, scripture and revelation are all relat ed because they are all forms of communication that free us to know Gods subject matter. They allow us to see stories and tied(p)ts of how people lived with God in history and set an example of how we should co-exist with God in our world today.The Hebrew scriptures play a vital role in the revelation of God. There fool been many events and stories in which God has expressed his message to people of the world. For example, there is the story of Abraham. In the city of Sodom, the people living during those times were living in very selfish and corrupt ways. God cherished them to renounce these sinful practices or else He would destroy their entire city. God ordered Abraham to find ten righteous people in order to still Sodom. In the end, Abraham failed so the city was destroyed by fire. This showed that God was serious about telling people that they needed to change. It gave them concrete proof that God would keep up through when He said that He demolish their city. Another e xample of Gods relationship with Abraham is shown when He orders Abraham to sacrifice his only son, Isaac. God wanted to test Abrahams faith in Him and how loyal Abraham truly was. Abraham did end up taking his son to a mountain to sacrifice him but at the last minute God told Abraham to stop and sacrifice a lamb instead. This event showed that God would come through for Abraham in the end because Abrahams fa... ... rewards to those who have faith and believe in Him. We should hold true to our faith in God and believe that he will come through for us even in difficult times. If we stand strong through the trials and tests that God chooses to lay upon us, He will exalt us. As well, the example of Moses is conformant to our world today because he shows that God does not condemn those who have sinned against Him. Instead, God chooses to forgive us and look beyond our mistakes. This shows that God still has respect and compassion for those who have do mistakes. Even if we have done wr ongdoing, we can still be chosen to be in the Kingdom of God. Finally, the story of David explains that we can all be heroes in the eyeball of God even if we are just ordinary people. As long as we believe in ourselves and have trust in God, we can still be successful. Status or strength does not matter in the point of view of God it is compassion and love that God looks for in each of us. We can lead normal lives but yet still be a king or a queen in the eyes of God. The Hebrew Scriptures will always have a lesson for us, no matter how much our world changes and these lessons are eternally applicable to our lives.

Compare and contrast the styles and techniques of two of the Wilfred :: English Literature

Compare and contrast the styles and techniques of two of the WilfredOwen poems you have studied to render the poets attitude to warWilfred Owen was a war poet from the First World warfare he was born in1893 and died in 1918, whilst shining in the Great War. He wrotehis poetry while sitting as an injured soldier on a hospital bed, andmany say this is where he developed his solar flare for writing. In thisessay, I have decided to analyse two poems Dulce et Decorum est andAnthem for Doomed early days. In my opinion both of these poems portrayOwens exasperation towards the war, but do so in very different ways. I amgoing to compare and contrast the two poems, so that I bother a betteridea of Owens attitude to war.Themes are important to any poem because it is what they are about.The main theme in Dulce et Decorum est is that it is not a gloriousthing to fight for ones country it is actually a exorbitant andtraumatising experience. This is ironic because the name of the poemtransla tes to It is a glorious and honorable thing to fight for onescountry. I think Owen has done this so that he can lead up to thelast line where he is prod people back at home to cease tellingtheir children the old lie and to me this is effective. Stanza threeis writing about the tragedy of war it says Obscene as cancer, andI think this is a useful simile because it is something that peopleback at home, reading the poetry, could relate to. Another theme ofthis poem is remainder there are many occasions in which Owen talks aboutdeath. I have chosen guttering, choking, drowning as an examplebecause it portrays an image of a horrific and painful way of dying.Another example of death is white eyes writhing in his face, hishanging face this is effective to me because the use of repetitionemphasises the read in which the soldier is in, and draws a vividimages in the readers mind. I think these themes show that Owen has abitter attitude towards war because he seems to only note a badside of war as if there is no glorious part.The main theme in stanza one of Anthem for Doomed Youth however isthe lack of a funeral for people dying in the war. An example of thisis choirs of wailing shells this means that the only choir theyhave when they die is the sound the shells subscribe as they move through

Essay --

Saving Our Democracy Campaign Finance ReformIntroductionSince the founding of the United States, specie has played a large role in electoral politics. Of course, there was a time when political campaigns were much smaller than they are now forrader television, radio, and the Internet. Modern campaigns cost millions, or even billions, of dollars, especially in presidential elections. This enormous increase in spending over the last few decades has establishd legion(predicate) to fear for the future of American democracy. If so few can contribute so much, why would politicians even some(prenominal)er to listen to the average voter? Lawmakers commit taken steps on numerous occasions to reign in this political spending and even the playing field for the average voter, but that would broadly speaking be undone with the compulsory Courts decision in the 2010 face, Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission. This controversial decision struck down many regulations, citin g that they violated the First Amendment. In the election cycles since, we have seen an unprecedented wave of shadowy organizations contributing unimaginable sums of money, drowning out everyone else. In order to understand how the Supreme Court came to its conclusion and how the average voter can ultimately overcome it, we must understand the history of campaign finance law in the United States.BackgroundConcerns about corporate influence in national elections found its way into the halls of sexual intercourse after President Theodore Roosevelts 1904 re-election. President Roosevelt himself suggested to Congress that they make a point of passing legislation that would ban corporate contributions to political campaigns. In 1907, the Tillman Act was passed, which did just that. Those that violated t... ...The financial support in both states is funded by tax check-offs, as well as fines paid by past violations of their campaign finance laws. Many of these programs also conta ined a provision that apt(p) matching funds to the publicly financed candidate to counter what a nonparticipating candidate raised, but the Supreme Court struck this down in 2011 in the case Arizona Free Enterprise Clubs Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett. The majority opinion stated that this matching of funds interfered with First Amendment rights, because it could cause donors to withhold their spending or as the Supreme Court saw it, their speech.After the Bennett decision, New York City devised what has become known as flexible financing, a system in which candidates receive funds that match their own fundraising as opposed to their opponents fundraising. Shareholder AuthorizationConclusion

Policy making in South Africa Essay

Introduction.Government exists in come in to organise a ordination or nation into a manageable unit. It seeks to formulate laws for the purpose of instituting a fair, equitable and just society in which individual citizens expect to live safely being organised both to contribute to and to benefit from sound governing constitution. Broadly speaking insurance consists of threesome overhead functions which argon polity qualification, polity implementation and policy analysis and evaluation.The task of this assignment is to concent ordinate lone(prenominal) on political with occurrence reference to the excrement of the gritty criminal offence measure in s forthhward Africa. The policy-making touch has three main criterions, namely policy basis policy formulation and policy blessing. form _or_ system of government making, is one of the half dozen administrative enabling functions which should be done in an orderly manner.Firstly, the temperament and plant of polic y for the excretory product of the juicy crime graze in South Africa is explained and discussed by using definitions to explain the various terminologies in order to understand to concept of policy-making.Secondly, the firstborn locate of policy making process, namely, policy conception for the voiding of the mellow crime rate in South Africa, is discussed. Policy initiation has three steps, namely meet sure of the business, describing the b new(prenominal) and the charm of distinguishledge regarding the liquidation of the senior proud school crime rate.Thirdly, the second step of the policy making process namely, policy formulation with reference to the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa ask to be examined. Policy formulation has six steps, namely, liaison with use uped parties, the touch of information, the sort outting of objectives, determining the priorities, considering the alternatives, the survey of financial resources.Fourthly, the fina l step of policy making is discussed, namely policy approval for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.A scientific approach is use in this assignment. Each step contains facts followed by an explanation of the facts, the application of the theory by using the elimination of high crime in South Africa as an recitation and lastly deductions argon made at the end of each section. Sources that were used were solitary(prenominal)own from various books and via the internet.In order to understand the policy-making process the nature and place of policy for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa is to be discussed.1.The nature and place of policy for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.Policy-making is one of the six administrative enabling functions. In order to understand macrocosm policy-making it is undeniable to define and explain the following concepts administrative enabling function public policy and policy making.1.1.The me aning of administrative as an enabling function.Meiring (200148) explains that the enabling functions batch be divided into six main groups, for example, policy-making the creation of structures and posts financial provision personnel provision determining work procedures and determining control measures and standards. Meiring (200147) choose headway states that no activity can be carried out, no goal pursued or objective bring home the bacond without the continuous provision of indispensable and particular means, for example resources.In order for service delivery to take effect, policies need to be instituted. Policies are the objectives of government and therefore it is inevitable for the resources to ready a continuous perpetual flow. Resources are the commodities used in the production of goods and services. In this case thegovernment supplies a service to the community and therefore needfully the resources to fulfil this obligation. Resources referred to would be gay and capital resources. Capital resources are, for example, buildings, vehicles and finance. The uses of auxiliary functions, for example, the usage of computers, are supportive in role and a necessity in order for the South African police Service to be efficient and effective in the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.1.2. The meaning of public policy.The nature of policy is a multidimensional and there are various definitions of what public policy is. According to Fox, Sch come upa and Wissink (199127-28) the following basic fundamentals of public policy can be identified and are summarised belowPolicy is developed by government role players, although non-government role players may influence the policy formulation and culture and public policy is a purposive or goal-orientated action rather than random or chance behaviour (Fox, Schwella and Wissink 199127). Hanekom (19877) besides elaborates and describes policy-making as the activity antecede the publication o f a goal and it is therefore a form entirelyy articulated goal that the legislator intends pursuing with society.Botes et al (1992191) further describes public policy making as being the trunkatic actions which should be taken to achieve the goals of the relevant institution. Fox, Schwella and Wissink (199127-28) further state that public policy generally consists of a series of decisions taken collectively by politicians and/or officials rather than individual decisions. humans policy is a future-orientated, changing enrolment which is aimed at the general welfare of the public (Fox, Schwella and Wissink 199129).Thus, public policy is a systematic goal-orientated action that is developed by political bodies and officials in consultation with the public, which emerges in response to public demand. frequent policy is a future-orientated document which non only shows the statement of intent by government but interprets the values of society. wherefore the policy for the elimin ation of the high crime rate in South Africa would be to enhance a safer and moresecure environment for its citizens.1.3. The meaning of policy making.Cloete (1998139) explains that for the purpose of public administration the term policy-making should be used to refer to the functions performed to obtain policies. Functions are the smallest activity that a person can do in order to obtain the goals set out. So therefore, policy-making consists of the performance of a group of generic administrative process which moldiness be undertaken in an orderly manner (Cloete 1998139). and so the functions to eliminate South Africa of the high crime rate, for example, would be for a police constable to patrol the neighbourhood (visible policing).Chapter two is concerned with the first step of policy making, being policy initiation for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.2.Policy initiation for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.Wikipedia (http//www.wikipe dia.org) defines the word initiation as being derived from Latin and implies a beginning. The related term, initiate means to begin or start a particular action, event, circumstance, or happening. Therefore initiation in this context means the activation of the public making process. It is therefore necessary to do a methodical investigation when a worry arises so that an effective and efficient rational policy could be implemented. Such investigation requires three steps within policy initiation which consists of the following becoming aware of the problem describing the problem and collecting information for solving and or preventing the problem.The first step in policy initiation would be discussed, namely, becoming aware of the problem of the high crime rate in South Africa.2.1.Becoming aware of the problem of the high crime rate in South Africa.The recognition of a problem is reliant on the accessibility of information on the needs that move the citizen to gain the attention of the government, who in duty tour would decide to act or not to act. Meiring (200153) further explains that by referring to something as a problem, the presumption is made that a value-judgement on a specific tick off in a specific place and time, is seen by a person or group(s) of persons, as being unsatisfactory. If the government is unaware of the problems affecting society various stakeholders or interest groups would take the initiative and make government aware of the problem. Usually within a democratic environment the politicians and officials attempt to find terminations to the problem affecting society.Meiring (200153) further explains that when government wants to implement change that the characteristic of the policy making is dynamic and that the awareness of the problem refers to a threefold activity. The threefold activity as explained by Meiring (200153) has the following implications in the policy initiation stage. Firstly it creates an awareness and refers to a new field of action and the need to undertake a search for development possibilities to promote the good life Meiring (200153). The second implication refers to the awareness of an existing problem in the community and the need to undertake a search for a possible solution to solve the problem Meiring (200153). The third implication refers to the awareness of a potential problem and the need to undertake a search for a quantifiable solution to prevent the problem Meiring (200153).The Institute for Security Studies (ISS) held a seminar in Pretoria on the 9th March 2007 following events in the past fewer months that provoke raised questions about a growing wave of public dissatisfaction with crime and governments response to it. Examples that were mentioned were and include statements in the media and parliament by the president and cabinet ministers, the aborted FNB media and letter-writing sweat, and increased media reports of vigilantism (http//www.iss.co.za).The ISS seminar reviewed the links between crime and perception, based on the latestavailable quantitative data (http//www.iss.co.za). The topic under preaching was execration Trends and Public Perceptions What the Latest Statistics Show (http//www.iss.co.za). In brief and relating to the topic of this assignment one of the summations were that crime and unemployment stayed the only two out of the twenty-three life-sustaining areas in which government has constantly achieved less than a pass mark (http//www.iss.co.za).Further more the South African Police Service has various existing policies in place for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa, for example, the South African Police Service Act (No.68 of 1995) National crime prevention strategy and the implementation of the development of community policing policy (http//www.iss.co.za). Therefore it is apparent that the government is aware of the problem of the high crime rate and is attempting to demand with it.It is of last(a ) importance that the policy makers do not treat the symptoms, but the actual cause of the problem. Crime has multiple causes as it falls within the socio-economic environment. The affable environment is multifaceted and consists of a yield of interrelated factors (Van Der Waldt et al 2002168). Recent studies suggest that there is a link between poor economic condition (the high unemployment rate) and crime (Fox, Van Wyk and Fourie 1998179).The deduction is made that the policy-making process would always involve interactions between the citizens and the state institutions, for example political office bearers and officials, who have to perform the policy-making functions. It is due to the actions of the stakeholders, whether political and or civic, that the government becomes aware of the problem. The high crime rate is a socio-economic problem which has a complex and interconnected factors. The factors, for example are the high unemployment rate and poverty. Further more the de duction could be made that there are existing policies in place for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa but that the implementation of the policies are severely lacking.The second step in policy initiation would be discussed, namely, describing the problem for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.2.2.Describing the problem for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.In order to describe the problem correctly, the information needs to be obtained in an orderly manner and it must(prenominal)iness documented in a written format. breeding is needed, as per Meiring (200154), regarding the results that are desired, obstacles that are experienced and the limitations of the situation and thus of a solution. Meiring (200155) further states that the diagnosis and exposition of a problem is a alternate(prenominal) process which requires continuous analysis and evaluation if the policy makers wish to take realistic decisions to meet the d emands of a changing environment.In order to seek a solution to the problem it is necessary to describe the nature and scope of the problem. As Meiring (200155) further states that by describing the problem it leads to an observable presentation or description which could be seen as the image of the real situation. Meiring (200155) further states that it is the effectiveness of how the written description or presentation corresponds to the real problem that would depend on the abilities of the participants in the process as well as the quality of information that is available.The method in obtaining and processing information is therefore linked to the gracious factor and is influenced by the values and perceptions of those participating in these activities. Meiring (200155)The situation is further complicated by the perceivable/observable reality which changes with time and which in turn results not only in a change of needs or in problems, but as well as values. Meiring (200155) For example a couple of geezerhood ago, domestic violence was perceived to be a semiprivate matter. Currently, due to various action groups, domestic violence is no longer a private issue but has become a national issue.In order to eliminate the high aim of crime in South Africa the descriptionof the problem must be specific. So therefore, for example, the elimination of the high crime rate within the central business district of Johannesburg could be set forth as follows. The geographic scope would be large, covering the areas that fall within the central business district. More categories could be created, for example the inner metropolis and former black townships (http//www.csvr.org.za). As per the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR), the nature of the crimes could range from housebreaking, street crime, property crime and violent crime (http//www.csvr.org.za). Further more the nature of the crimes are different and vary depending on the area in que stion.Therefore it can be deduced that there are various occurrences which should be taken into account when describing the problem. The actual information the values and perceptions of the participants or the values and perceptions between the officials and politicians. To complicate matters further, there may be different views held by the state and the citizens. For example, the citizens believe that the crime rate is on the increase and the state believes the opposite to be true. The policy-making process is a complex matter and the description of the problem must be accurately recorded.The third step in policy initiation would be discussed, namely, the collection of information for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.2.3.The collection of information for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.The collection of information is interwoven with the previously mentioned steps, namely, becoming aware of the problem and describing the problem. The po licy-makers who take policy decisions must be served with adequate information systems.In order to deal with the problem, Meiring (200155) states it is of utmost importance that such problems are defined in quantifiable term. The term quantifiable means that the collecting of information must be dealt with ina scientific manner. Cloete (1998139) declares that it is the functions involved in obtaining information which should be performed systematically to deliver information with which the matter to be decided upon can be quantified and qualified. formerly an issue (problem) is recognised, various decisions need to be taken. While making decisions cognisance must be taken of both factual information and value judgements pertaining to the issue. Meiring (200156) explains that factual information relates to the observable, measurable information that can be unruffled. Meiring (200156) further explains that values on the other hand relate to the inherent human feelings for what is, for example, valuable, wanted or ursued.A middle ground must be found between factual information and the values of the people. It must also be kept in mind that there may not be a significant amount of information available and therefore the cost effectiveness of such an exercise must be scrutinised. Collecting information is also time- consuming. It goes without saying that during this stage there is interaction and communication with all the relevant role playersInformation could be gained through research and data gathering. Some of the information could be obtained from structured interviews with Station Commissioners at randomly selected police stations. The community and businesses may be approached with the same structural questionnaire. Various statistics may be gathered from other organizations, for example, CSVR to confirm whether the crime rate has decreased or increased or what the opinions are of the community. This information gathering would involve an analysis of t he information which is time consuming and which may disclose differences in notions perceived as per example the notion of crime which is socially constructed.The deduction is made that on collection of information, not only is quantifiable data collected but perceptions and values as well. It is at the analysis of information that differences between factual data and values are shown.Chapter three is concerned with the policy formulation for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.3.Policy formulation for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.Policy formulation is the second step within policy making. Policy formulation consists of six steps which are liaison with interested parties processing information setting of objectives determining priorities considering alternatives and the survey of financial resources.Anderson, (198493) defines policy formulation to the crafting of proposed alternatives or options for handling a problem. Meirings (200156) definition is more inclined(p) at defining formulation, which is, the clear, precise and accurate wording of processed information so as to achieve a specific aim. The information gained must be classified, described and processed into the required proposals (Meiring 200156). Policy formulation must be a written description of the problem in order to make a pickaxe on the available alternatives to solve or prevent the problem (Meiring 200156). The various actions which comprise policy formulation are often described as agenda setting.An agenda is usually a list of items to be dealt with within a face-off and are usually prioritised according to importance. Cloete and Wissink (200098) elucidate that it is necessary to set a policy agenda because of the deluge of policy-related issues and problems that any government faces, normally with insufficient resources to address these problems effectively. And therefore policy agenda setting is of the utmost importance to determine which policy problems should receive priority.It is imperative to mention that decision making is an important part of policy formulation as policy makers have to decide the best policy amongst the alternatives. Not only do policy-makers decide on facts they must also make decisions on values and still remain impartial.Policy formulation would give proposed alternatives to the problem of the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa and consists of various steps which are listed below.The first step in policy formulation would be discussed, namely, liaison with interested parties for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.3.1.Liaison with interested parties for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.It is of utmost importance to liaise with key interested and relevant parties in order to determine the public perceptions of a specific matter and to find the correct solutions to these problems (Meiring 200156). Interest groups are beneficial to polic y makers because they are committed to their cause and are willing to supply information and advice (Craythorne 199369). Various interested parties are identified by Kuye et al (200277) as non-governmental organisations, civilian-based organisations, research institutes, public officials, political parties, media, departmental and interdepartmental committees. The above list is not exhaustive.Meiring further states that the factual information and non-quantifiable values can also be tested in such a liaison (Meiring 200157). The real needs of the citizens must be suitably identified and an acceptable solution agreed upon to eliminate the high crime level in South Africa. Craythorne (199369) cautions that interested groups are so zealous about their cause that they will supply information that is beneficial. It is of utmost importance for a compromise and a solution to take place so that the end result of the policy would be to promote the general welfare of all citizens.In June 2006 , Business Against Crime signed a memorandum of discernment to establish the Industry Alignment Forum Aggravated Robberies Initiative. Nine parties indicated in principle support for the initiative, which are Business Against Crime Cash in theodolite Forum Casinos Association of South Africa Consumer Goods Council of South Africa Security Industry Alliance South African Banking Risk Information Centre South African Council of obtain Centres South African Property Owners Association and the South African Reserve Bank. (http//www.bac.org.za.). Business Against Crime acknowledges that the cooperation of government and its agencies arecritical to the success of this initiative and that they were jolly by the SAPS interest and support (http//www.bac.org.za.).The deduction that can be made is that democracy can be streng soed if everyone works in a organise manner to address the challenge of the high crime rate through effective liaisioning.The second step in policy formulation must be discussed, namely, the processing of information for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.3.2.The processing of information for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.The data is collected from various surveys and once compiled into various reports, the data becomes information. The information is compiled in various reports, agendas and memoranda forwarded to various commissions of enquiry departmental and interdepartmental committees, selected committees and various caucuses and councils. One of the most important rule of thumbs in drafting a policy is that it must be done in a rational manner.Hanekom et al (200127) explains that rationality in decision-making, as in policy-making, pertains to the making of reasoned, careful selections from alternatives in order to achieve predetermined ends. Hanekom et al (200127) quote common restraints to rationality, which are mentioned as follows. The personal value preference of both politicians and adm inistrators may influence their objectivity in deciding on policy matters (Hanekom et al 200127) and therefore the decisions become subjective.The use already approved for a specific project is not easily reversed and is known as sunken costs (Hanekom et al 200127) The third barrier to rationality is known as the conflicting consequences whereby the anticipated consequence of a policy are often in conflict with the unanticipated consequences of that policy (Hanekom et al 200127). Lastly, since policy-making is aimed at the future and the future is unknown, a certain amount of speculation is involved and this is known asthe expectations of the future (Hanekom et al 200127).The other guideline in drafting a policy is that a policy must be defendable which relates to accountability. The policy-makers should be accountable to all role players in that they should be able to explain and defend the proposed policy. Meiring, (200157) further suggests that policy should conform to the will and wishes of the majority of the citizens.For example, all the data gathered from the survey done in the Johannesburg city centre has been compiled into various reports agendas and memorandum. In order for further clarity and recommendations to take place a series of public hearings are organised and held. These public hearings are held to in order to justify policy attention and it forms the focus for further clarification, formulation and restructuring before the importance of acting on it by the policy system is conveyed to the policy-makers. (Cloete and Wissink 200098)The deduction could be made that the process of information must be defendable and rational and that this process is cyclical in nature and in order for policy to succeed all relevant parties must be consulted.The third step in policy formulation would be discussed, namely, the setting of objectives for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.3.3.The setting of objectives for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.In this step it becomes possible for policy-makers to place objectives of the intended policy. The objectives would indicate what the intensions are how to go about achieving the objectives and by what means the objective would be achieved. In other words, what resources and capital would be needed to achieve the intended policy?Cloete and Wissink (2000117) explain that objectives set forth specific aims. In other words objectives are measurable in quantifiable terms (Cloete and Wissink 2000117). The nature of objectives is normative as it states what ought to be achieved by a particular policy and contains elements of forecasting (Cloete and Wissink 2000117). Cloete and Wissink (2000117-118) elucidate thatobjective setting is linked with forecasting by a natural progression, and is concerned with a desired future.It must be noted that policy is a dynamic phenomenon and objectives, by themselves, are static (Kuye et al 200274). This statement implies that policy containing broad guidelines of governmental action must change according to the needs of the citizens, whilst objectives remain static in terms of time. (Kuye et al 200274)Meiring (200158) states that when an objective has been set and made known in the public sector it is normally said that the policy has been made. It is imperative that clear objectives are set out in order that all persons involved will know exactly the target at which activities are aimed (Meiring 200158).Therefore to reiterate, clear unambiguous objectives need to be set. The objectives within policy-making would indicate what the intensions are how to go about achieving the objectives and by what means the objective would be achieved in order that all persons involved know what activities are aimed at.For example, the specific objective to eliminate the high crime rate within the city of Johannesburg alone would be to increase the number of visible policing from iv to six policemen per city block over a period of one form who would sign a roster at every business within their beat. The Police Service would work in co-ordination with Business Against Crime and the public by having regular meetings to inform and educate. Cameras could be installed at various strategical places within the central business district. Increased street lighting needs to be installed in residential areas. A Zero crime tolerance campaign could be launched that would emphasise the arrest of petty criminals.It could be deduced from this section that the setting and prioritising (which will be discussed within the next step) of objectives is a process called policy making. slide by objectives need to be set and that objective setting is a statement of a desired future.The fourth step in policy formulation would then be discussed, namely, theestablishment of priorities for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.3.4.Determining the priorities for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.No government is in a position to continuously return all the needs of its citizens as there is a limited amount of resources to accomplish all the needs. The most important scarce resource is finance. There is a difference between actual needs and the expected needs. Meiring (200158) further states that needs are not equal and often elusive to compare or weigh up against each other. The objectives, as stated before must be intelligibly defined. Meiring (200158) further elaborates that the network of objectives should also be ranked in a priority list, whereby it becomes clear which objectives are more important than others.When policy makers rank and prioritise their objectives two questions are asked, what should be done and what can be done, to solve or eliminate a problem (Meiring 200158)?Cloete and Wissink (2000122) state that the more complex and broad a policy is in terms of societal needs or demands, the greater the danger of multiple and sometimes confli cting goals and objectives can become. Therefore Cloete and Wissink (2000122) suggest different tasks that need to be fulfilled. One suggestion would be establish a system of relative values and trade-offs among the objectives (Cloete and Wissink 2000122). In other words to trade-off one objective for another(prenominal). The other task would be to prioritise the objectives and then to optimise in sequence (Cloete and Wissink 2000122). In enforce this means that the selected objectives are not necessarily the best available objectives, but that the policy would satisfy the larger section of society (Cloete and Wissink 2000122).For example to determine the priorities for the elimination of crime the final prioritised list would appear as followsWhat should be done VSWhat can be doneEight policemen within one city block.Four policemen within a city block.Installation of cameras on every city block.Installation of cameras in problem areas only.Zero crime tolerance campaign.Only enough manpower to deal with serious crimeIt is extremely difficult to prioritise the objectives as the needs list is endless but the resource list is extremely scarce. The policy-maker needs to determine the actual needs from the expected needs which is very difficult to weigh up against.The fifth step in policy formulation would be discussed, namely, the consideration of alternatives for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.3.5.The consideration of alternatives for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.Once the real issue is recognised, the next step would be to recognise alternative solutions. Craythorne (199363) cautions that it is at this step that a particular danger arises, of becoming entangled in a search after an infinite number of solutions in order to find the optimum or best solution. Craythorne (199363) further states that firm leadership is required during this phase of policy-making to ensure that only those solutions are identified which are practical, feasible and likely to solve the problem in the most satisfying way and within the means available.In order to consider which alternative would be the best a list should be drawn up including the determining of all available consequences and a comparative evaluation of each consequence(Meiring 200159). The word consequence has a two fold meaning, effect and side effect. The effect of the policy refers to the policy payoff. Policy output as per, Fox, Schwella and Wissink (199132) involves the production of policies in the form of formal legislation, administrative rules and regulations, judicial interpretation and so forth. The side effect of a policy refers to the impact that that particular policy would have on the environment or on other policies.There are certain criteria that a policy-maker could use that would assist in the choice between alternatives. Considering the page limits on this assignment the most important criteria only are mentioned. The first crit eria would be effectiveness which is often measured in terms of units of products or services. (Van Niekerk, Jonker and Van Der Waldt 2001 96) The second choice would be efficiency which addresses the costs of services. Adequacy would be the next criteria and usually refers to the extent to which any given level of effectiveness satisfies the needs, values or opportunities that give rise to a problem. (Van Niekerk Jonker Van Der Waldt 2001 96)It is important that the solutions are identified which are practical, feasible and likely to solve the problem in the most satisfying way and within the means available as resources such as finance and human capital are scarce. The alternatives to the solution should be listed and cognisance should be taken that the policy would have an effect on the legislation, administrative rules and any other effect. The side effects refer to the impacts on other policies and the environment. The criteria that would help a policy-maker are effectiveness, efficiency, and adequacy. Effectiveness refers to doing the right things right efficiency refers to maximum output with minimum input and adequacy refers the extent that the policy satisfies the needs, values and opportunities of the citizens.Criticism, has been levied as to whether the Community Policing Forums (CPF) are still effective in enhancing public safety and if it still includes the assistance of community in combating crime. In a paper entitled South Africas changing community policing policy by the Institute for Security Studies the inception of the CPF in 1996 with the promulgation of the National Crime Prevention Strategy with the intention to establish broad partnership with the community to improve police services and reduce crime (http//www.iss.co.za.) is discusses. The CPF were created by legislation and were given the right to exercise public functions in terms of that legislation.Since then various other legislation and interim regulations had the effect of eithe r directly avoiding or downgrading the issue of state support for the CPFs and even specifically outlawing some current practises of the CPF that facilitate support for their activities.(http//www.iss.co.za.). The result is two fold. Firstly, policy-makers who were formulating the subsequent legislation never vista what the effect and side effect would have on the CPF. Therefore, to date the CPF is a policy that exists on paper alone which is inadequate, inefficient, and ineffective and fails to respond to the needs of all the citizens.Thus it can be deduced that policy has a direct effect and an indirect effect, the effect of other legislation on CPF negated the positive impact of CPF. Policy needs to be reviewed regularly to ensure relevance and effectiveness.The sixth step in policy formulation would be discussed, namely, the the survey of financial resources for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.3.6.The survey of financial resources for the eliminate the hi gh crime rate in South Africa.Budgeting is more than a set of procedures for controlling the volume of funds flowing to agencies and programs it is also a means and a source of opportunities for shaping the direction and intensity of public policies and the scope of governmental activities (Anderson1984179). Anderson (1984182) further states that the budget is also a statement of policy and in reality conflicts over money are conflicts over policy. Public revenue needs to be raised to fund public services and new ways need to be found to increase the handed-down sources of income. The four main sources of traditional income as per Van Der Waldt et al. (20029) are income evaluateation, eg personal income tax wealth taxation for example capital gains tax consumption taxation for example value added tax and user charges, for example, consumer tariffs.Budget gives focus to specific issues of policy thus a particular ministry which received above inflation budget increases should rende r a go service year on year. For example the Minister of Finance granted the Ministry of Safety and Security a 43% increase between budget year 2003/04and budget year 2006/07.One can deduce that finance supports policy. (The converse is all so true) Emphasis can be shifted from one program to another by shifting financial backing.Policy approval is the third and final step within the policy-making process for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.4.Policy approval for the eliminate of the high crime rate in South AfricaPolicy approval is the final step in the policy-making process. Once policy makers have formulated a policy the policy is forwarded for consideration and authorisation of a policy. Meiring (200159) states that policy is found in many forms, as well as various formats because policy making takes place on various levels and various participants play a co-operative role. Public policy can be examined on four levels which are political, executive, depart mental and operational policy.The policy on the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa would result in a specific policy and will have political, executive, departmental and operational aspects, which must be first determined .(Meiring private Notes9) Each aspect must be formulated and approved, before a policy can be implemented .(Meiring Personal Notes9) There would be an higher premium of value put on the elimination of the high crime rate as it is a political policy.According to Meiring (Personal Notes10) there is a specific procedure which is usually followed for the approval of policy.4.1. The procedure for consideration and approval of the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa Bill.The specific procedure by Meiring (Personal Notes10) is now recorded for the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa.A public bill is introduced by the Minister of Safety and Security and is dealt with as followsIntroduction and first reading where notice is gi ven of the intention to submit a Bill on a specific subject on a specific day. On that day the measure is tabled and the short title is read, being The Elimination of the High Crime RateThe second reading commences with the introduction of the policy formulated by the proposed Bill by the Minister of Safety and Security. The subjected is debated and alternative amendments are forwarded until the House accepts the policy.The third phase is the Committee Stage. The Chairman of Committees, the deputy speaker, acts as chairman for the meeting where each section of the Bill is read and debated separately. In the committee stage, the contents of the Bill are thus discussed to ascertain whether the measure will succeed in carrying into effect the policy debated in the second reading.Report stage. After the committee stage the speaker takes over as Chairman and the Chairman of Committees reports on the upshot of the Committee.The third reading that follows seldom initiates further discussi on and is executed to review the Bill in its entirety.After approved by the House the Bill is referred to the chairperson for signature.After signature by the State President the Bill is published in the Government Gazette, after which date the Bill is an enforceable Act of Parliament.ConclusionGovernment exists to satisfy the needs of the community. In order to meet the needs and demands of the community, government has to develop policies to meet those needs and demands. Therefore the citizens expect service delivery which is linked to policy and policy implementation. Policy indicates what government intentions are. The policy-making process is a time consuming and complicated because of the structure of government. The policy-making is time and space bound and it takes place within a changingenvironment. It is imperative that the citizens are consulted during the policy-making process so that policy is adequate, effective and efficient in addressing the needs of the citizen.Boo ksAnderson, J.E. (1984). 3rd Edition. Public Policymaking An Introduction. Houghton Mifflin society. Boston.Botes, P.S. Brynard, P.A. Fourie, D.J. Roux, N.L. (1992). Public Administration and Management A Guide to Central, Regional and Municipal Administration and Management. Kagiso Publishers. Pretoria.Cloete, F. Wissink,H. (2000). Improving Public Policy. Van Schaik Publishers. Pretoria.Cloete, J.J.N. (1998). 9th rewrite Edition. South African Public Administration and Management. JL Van Schaik Publishers. Hatfield, Pretoria.Craythorne, D.L. (1993) 3rd Edition Municipal Administration A Handbook. Juta & Co. Ltd. Kenwyn.Fox, W. Schwella, H. Wissink, H. (1991). Public Management. Juta & Company LTD. Kenwyn.Fox, W. Van Wyk, B. Fourie, M. (1998). Police Management in South Africa. Juta & Company LTD. Kenwyn.Hanekom, S.X. (1987). Public Policy Framework and Instrument for Action. Sigma Press. Pretoria.Hanekom, S.X. Rowland, R.W. Bain, E.G. (2001). Revised Edition. Key Aspects of Publ ic Administration. Oxford University Press. Southern Africa, Cape Town.Kuye, J.O. et al. (2002). Critical Perspectives on Public Administration Issues for Consideration. Heinemann Publishers (PTY)Ltd. SandownMeiring,M.H. (2001) 2nd Revised Edition Fundamental Public Administration A Perspective on Development. School for Public Administration and Management. University of Port Elizabeth.Van Der Waldt, G. et al. (2002) Managing for Results in Governement. Heinemann Publishers PTY (Ltd). Sandown.Other media sourcesMeiring, M.H. Personal Notes Unit 2 Policy Making in the Public Sector Part 1 The Steps in Policy Making.http//www.bac.org.za. (Accessed 12/5/2007)http//www.csvr.org.za. (Accessed 6/5/2007)http//www.iss.co.za. (Accessed 6/5/2007)http//www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation (Accessed 26/4/2007)